Estonia joined in 1997 the Geneva Convention of 1951 relating to the status of refugees, as amended by the New York Protocol of 1967 (hereinafter - Geneva Convention) that means that Estonia has taken an international obligation to protect these aliens who respond to the requirements set in the document. In Estonia, the Police and Border Guard Board is dealing with the asylum seekers and to this aim  ... co-operation with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) . In addition, the Ministry of Social Affairs is dealing with the asylum seekers.

Starting from 2006, asylum field in Estonia is regulated by the Act on Granting International Protection to Aliens that contains both principles proceeding from the above-mentioned convention as well as requirements proceeding from the EU directives.

Main terms
An asylum seeker is an alien who has submitted an application for asylum in Estonia. The status of an asylum seeker shall be extended until entry into force of the PBGB or court decision.

A person enjoying international protection is an alien who has been recognized as asylum seeker, person enjoying subsidiary protection or person enjoying temporary protection and to whom Estonian residence permit has been granted.

A refugee is an alien who responds to requirements set in the Geneva Convention of 1951 relating to the status of refugees and to whom the PBGB has thereof granted the status of a refugee.

For the purposes of the Convention, the term “refugee” shall apply to any person who - owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who,
not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.

Hence, the PBGB recognizes as refugee the alien who:

• fears for being persecuted,
• this fear is founded by objective circumstances and
• is related to race, nationality, religion, membership of a particular social group or political opinion of the applicant.

Person enjoying subsidiary protection is an alien who does not qualify as a refugee, but in respect of whom substantial grounds have shown for believing that his or her return or expulsion to his or her country of origin may result in a serious risk in the specified country, including:

• imposition or execution of death penalty to him or her, or
• torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment of him or her, or
• individual threat to his or her life or civilians’ life or violence towards him or her or civilians by reason of international or internal armed conflict.

Submission of application for asylum
There are two options for submitting the application for asylum:

• Application for asylum can be submitted to a border guard official in any border point at the state border of the Republic of Estonia before entering the country. This option shall be used in case the alien has no valid visa, travel documents nor Estonian residence permit.
• If the alien is already in Estonia, then application for asylum shall be submitted to the International Protection Devision of the Police and Border Guard Board.

Determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application
After receipt of the application, proceeding of determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application shall be conducted immediately. Contracting countries are the Member States of the European Union, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. One of the principal aims of the given proceeding is to prevent an applicant from submitting applications in multiple Member States at a time or to prevent an applicant from submitting a new application for asylum to a Member State A, while he/she has been refused previously in Member State B. This will decrease administrative load of the Member States, avoid exploitation of the asylum system and enhance development of more uniform European asylum system. By determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application, it is proceeded from Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003 of 18 February 2003.

Substantive proceeding
If Estonia is responsible for examining an asylum application, the PBGB will initiate substantive proceedings. The substantive proceedings prolong as a maximum for 6 month. Each application for asylum shall reviewed individually and impartially. By making decision, situation related to human rights in the applicant’s country of origin, his/her explanations related to persecution and other circumstances related to the definite application, shall be taken into account.  

Proceedings for asylum are not public and the PBGB shall the information received within the proceedings, strictly confidential. In case of need, restricted information may be delivered by making queries to authorities related to a definite proceeding only. In order to secure the safety of applicant and his/her relatives residing in homeland, the authorities related to the proceeding are forbidden to contact with the authorities of the applicant’s country of origin.

Temporary protection is a procedure of exceptional character to provide, in the event of a mass influx or imminent mass influx of aliens who are unable to return to their country of origin, immediate and temporary protection to such persons

Person enjoying temporary protection is an alien who has had to leave his or her country or region of origin, or has been evacuated, in particular in response to an appeal by international organisations or has been evacuated from there in connection with situation prevailing in the given country:

• is unable to return in safe and durable conditions and who may fall within the scope of provisions regulating international protection;
• who has fled an area of armed conflict or endemic violence;
• who is at serious risk of, or who has been the victim of, systematic or generalised violations of his or her human rights.